As villages grew bigger, there were more people to produce crops and invent new things. Of course, this was only in the developing civilizations, unlike Australia and Papua New Guinea. Those place have barely changed for centuries. Surplus-to make more than one needs. The invention of fire was the first step to steel. Making plaster from limestone was a amazing invention.
The Fertile Crescent is not the powerhouse of the world. After 1,000 years most of the villages were abandoned. The climate was too dry and not good for intense farming. Communities were forced to move on from were they lived due to their failure to farm. Domesticated animals were able to flourish in areas east and west of the Middle East. Papua New Guinea was located on an island so there was no way for this to ever happen.
Once the crops and animals reached Egypt, they caused an explosion of civilization. The same is true for European civilization. In the 16th century the crops and animals were taken to the new world. Farming in America wouldn't have been possible if not for the fertile crescent. New Guineanians required pigs from the Europeans, but they had nothing else. There are now civilized towns in Papua New Guinea as an attempt to catch up with the rest of the world, but there is still a huge gap between the two.
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